Fair Value

For many products and transactions for which market value to be taken directly from the quotations in an active market (marking-to-market) is not available, the fair value must be estimated using internal models based on discounted cash flows (marking-to-model). Financial cash flows for the various instruments are determined according to their individual characteristics, and discounting factors include changes in time both in market interest rates and margins.

According to IFRS 13 “Fair value measurement” in order to determinate fair value the Group applies models that are appropriate under existing circumstances and for which sufficient input data is available, based to the maximum extent on observable input whereas minimizing use of unobservable input, namely:

Valuation techniques used to determine fair value are applied consistently. Change in valuation techniques resulting in a transfer between these methods occurs when:

• transfer from Level 1 to 2 takes place when for the financial instruments measured according to Level 1 quoted market prices from an active market are not available at the balance sheet day (previously used to be);
• transfer from Level 2 to 3 takes place when for the financial instruments measured according to the Level 2 value of parameters not derived from the market has become significant at the balance sheet day (and previously used to be irrelevant).

All estimation models are arbitrary to some extent and this is why they reflect only the value of those instruments for which they were built. In these circumstances the presented differences between fair values and balance-sheet values cannot be understood to mean adjustments of the economic value of the Group. Fair value of these instruments is determined solely in order to meet the disclosure requirements of IFRS 13 and IFRS 7.

The main assumptions and methods applied in estimating fair value of assets and liabilities of the Group are as follows:

The table below presents results of the above-described analyses as at 31.12.2021 (data in PLN thousand):

Models used for determination of the fair value of financial instruments presented in the above table and not recognized at fair value in Group’s balance sheet, use techniques based on parameters not derived from the market. Therefore, they are considered as the third level of valuation.

The table below presents data as at 31.12.2020 (data in PLN thousand):

The table below presents balance-sheet values of instruments measured at fair value, by applied fair value measurement technique:

Using the criterion of valuation techniques as at 31.12.2021 Group classified into the third category following financial instruments:

• credit exposures with a leverage / multiplier feature inbuilt in the definition of interest rate (these are credit card exposures and overdraft limits for which the interest rate is based on a multiplier: 4 times the lombard rate). To estimate the fair value of loans, due to the lack of availability of the market value, an internal valuation model was used, taking into account the assumption that at the time of granting the loan the fair value is equal to the carrying value. The fair value of loans without recognized impairment is equal to the sum of future expected cash flows discounted at the balance sheet date. The discounting rate is the sum of: the cost of risk, the cost of financing, the value of the expected return. The fair value of impaired loans is equal to the sum of future expected recoveries discounted using the effective interest rate, recognizing that the average expected recoveries fully take into account the element of credit risk. In case of an increase in the discount rate by 1 p.p. valuation of the portfolio would have been reduced by -0.1% (sensitivity analysis: based on the FV model for the portfolio of credit cards);
• index options, option transactions are measured at fair value with use of option measurement models, the model measurement is supplemented with impact on fair value of the estimated credit risk parameter;
• VISA Inc. engagement shares; the method of fair value calculation of this instrument considers the time value of money and the time line for conversion of preferred stock in common stock of VISA.
• other equity instruments measured at fair value (unquoted on an active market).

In the reporting period, the Group did not make transfers of financial instruments between the techniques of fair value measurement.

Changes of fair values of instruments measured on the basis of valuation techniques with use of significant parameters not derived from the market are presented in the table below (in ’000 PLN):

For options on indexes concluded on an inactive market, and FX options the Group concludes back-to-back transactions on the interbank market, in result estimated credit risk component has no impact on the financial result.

Accordingly Group’s estimation impact of adjustments for counterparty credit risk was not significant from the point of view of individual derivative transactions concluded by the Bank. Consequently, the Bank does not consider the impact of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of derivative transactions for significant and in accordance with the provisions of IFRS 13.73 does not classify such transactions for level 3 fair value measurements.